Showing posts with label Proteins. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Proteins. Show all posts

Saturday, November 22, 2014

Life from Comet Collisions

The biosphere covering Earth remains a deep mystery. Where did life originate?

Bioluminescent dinoflagellates lighting a breaking wave at midnight

Earth might well have coalesced from cosmic dust and gas. Billions of years later, a thin raft surrounding Earth teems with co-dependent organisms.
The question of the origin of life is essentially speculative. We have to construct, by straightforward thinking on the basis of very few factual observations, a plausible and self-consistent picture of a process which must have occurred before any of the forms which are known to us in the fossil record could have existed.
— John Desmond Bernal
Where did the ingredients for the simplest unicellular life forms come from? Life's ingredients might have come from comets.
Early Earth was not very hospitable when it came to jump-starting life. In fact, new research shows that life on Earth may have come from out of this world.
― Astrobiology Magazine
Comet Hale Bopp
Comets are vestiges from the formation of our solar system some 4.5 billion years ago. Comets that move into range of space travel, arrive well-preserved from the freeze locker of the outer solar system.

As it travels near the Sun and Earth, a disintegrating comet represents a treasure-trove of hard data about conditions present during the early stages of the solar system.

The composition of comets interests us because scientists posit that life-building organic compounds might have come from icy comets that collided with Earth millions of years ago.

Organic compounds form the basis of proteins and nucleobases (the building blocks of DNA and RNA). Oceans might have been formed from icy comets and asteroids crashing into Earth.

The first comet landing of a robotic spacecraft touched down on Comet 67P on November 12, 2014. Until then, our knowledge of comets came from a handful of flyby space missions

Comet 67P

Comet 67P
The robotic lander Philae bounced to rest on Comet 67P more than 10 years after being launched from Earth by the European Space Agency.

The Philae landing was a historical touchdown on a comet nucleus.

Philae transmitted in-situ data that will enable scientists to determine the composition of the comet's surface material.

Our Quest

Comets were once believed to be harbingers of human destruction by anthropomorphic gods. Our understanding of our habitat and origin accrues through scientific discovery.


Scientific discovery yields physical explanations to mysterious and once feared phenomena. Our appreciation of the far-fetched phenomena of life grows with every scientific revelation.
Our quest to solve the existential puzzle continues.
The origin of life is a complex narrative of improbable events. The lineage of events stretch back perhaps 13.8 billion years to the Big Bang or beyond.


REFERENCES

Saturday, March 22, 2014

Tangerines and String Quartets

The origin of life eludes us. The leap from organics to organisms isn't definitively understood.
I believe a leaf of grass is not less than the journey-work of the stars.
— Walt Whitman, Song of Myself
The desire for us to understand existential unknowns produces limits on the range of possibilities. The range of possibilities provide the guideposts to inquiry. Within possibilities emerge the paths of plausibility, some more fruitful than others.

The origin of life, and the nature of the living, remains elusive. Still there are established characteristics, like heredity — the self-replicating passing on of information — that links all organisms to the simplest cells and the most basic elements on the periodic chart.
What do they call it…the primordial soup? The glop? That heartbreaking second when it all got together, the sugars and the acids and the ultraviolets, and the next thing you knew there were tangerines and string quartets.
— Edward Albee, Seascape
The microcosmic gods of life seem to be nucleic acids and proteins. The earliest detectable life arrived 3.6 to 3.8 billion years ago in the form of simple cells.

Over billions of years, simple replicating cells evolved into complex organisms. This came about against the deterministic cleave of natural selection.
The one thing we have in common with all other living things is that for nearly four billions years our ancestors have managed to slip through a series of closing doors every time we needed them to.
— Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything
Humans are comparative newcomers arriving 200,000 years ago, yet our organic and earlier inorganic ancestry, is traceable to cosmic stardust.

Years Ago
Event
4.6 billionEarth began circling the sun
3.6 billionArrival of simple cells - Prokaryotes
3.4 billionArrival of cyanobacteria performing photosynthesis
2 billionArrival of complex cells - Eukaryotes
1 billionArrival of multicellular life
600 millionArrival of simple animals
550 millionArrival of bilaterians, animals with a front and a back
500 millionArrival of fish and proto-amphibians
475 millionArrival of land plants
400 millionArrival of insects and seeds
360 millionArrival of amphibians
300 millionArrival of reptiles
200 millionArrival of mammals
150 millionArrival of birds
130 millionArrival of flowers
66 million years agoDeparture of the pterosaurs and non-avian dinosaurs, in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
60 millionArrival of primates
20 millionArrival of Hominidae or great apes
2.5 millionArrival of the genus Homo - human predecessors
200,000Arrival of anatomically modern humans

An insatiable curiosity and judicious hypothesis testing will eventually lead us to many of the answers we seek. But the satisfaction of each answer will be momentary. The side effect of each aha! moment is a set of new questions. This is the quest of science.

The Existential Ledger

On the known side of the ledger, is the precedence, preponderance and rigor of established science. On the unknown side, it must suffice that the nature of life will reveal itself in fits and starts.

We're continually pinged with incoming data. Revelations necessitate reconciling of our existential accounts. We only know what we know at a given time. What remains is pontification or poetry.

REFERENCES

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