Earth Size

In 240 BC Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to within 100 miles.

[Eratosthenes] ... is a mathematician among geographers, and yet a geographer among mathematicians; and consequently on both sides he offers his opponents occasions for contradiction.
— Eratosthenes (276–194 BC)

Ancient Greeks knew Earth was spherical. How did Eratosthenes accurately estimate its circumference?

The answer lies in a tale of two cities: Syene and Alexandria. Syene was the ancient name of the city known today as Aswan.

Sun Straight up Syene

Eratosthenes heard that the sun could be observed straight overhead from the bottom of a well in Syene at noon during the summer solstice. No shadows would have been cast on the walls of the well. No shadows would have been cast by the style of an above-ground sundial.

The Alexandria Angle

At noon in Alexandria during a summer solstice, Eratosthenes observed a shadow cast by a column.

Using the height of the column (h) and the distance (d) of the edge of shadow from the column, Eratosthenes used the trigonometric functions tangent and arctangent to determine the shadow angle θ.

Since tan(θ) = d / h, Eratosthenes used the arc-tangent to find the angle.

The History of Geodesy, NOAA

Using

θ = arctan(d / h)

Eratosthenes found the angle θ of the shadow cast by the column to be 7.2°.

Two Cities

Syene to Alexandria was an established trade route of camel-driven caravans. Eratosthenes knew the distance between Syene and Alexandria was about 4,400 stades.

A stade is an ancient Greek unit of measurement equivalent to the distance of footraces in the ancient Olympic Games in Olympia.

1 stade ~ 600 feet

Using the 7.2° angle θ of the shadow and the distance between Alexandria and Syene, Eratosthenes used an arithmetic ratio. Expressed in words, he recognized

The shadow angle 7.2° is to 360° of the Earth as the 4,400 stades is to the circumferential distance C of the Earth. 

Expressed as a ratio:

7.2°	=	4,400 stades
360°		C

Solving for circumferential distance C:

C	=	360°	x 4,400 stads	= 220,000 stads or 25,000 miles
		7.2°

Remarkably Eratosthene's estimate overshot the circumference of the Earth by a mere 99 miles.

Eratosthene's Estimate	Actual Circumference
25,000 miles	24,901 miles

REFERENCES

• Eratosthenes, Wikipedia.
• Eratosthenes is Known as the Father of Geography, Matt Rosenberg, About Education.
• June 19, 240 B.C.: The Earth Is Round, and It's This Big, Randy Alfred, Wired Archive, 19 June 2008.
• The History of Geodesy, NOAA.

As The Day is Long

It's summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.

Summer Solstice Sunrise at Stonehenge

Summer solstice marks the longest period of daylight in the year. The sun is at its farthest point north of the Equator.

This is the solstice, the still point
of the sun, its cusp and midnight,
the year’s threshold
and unlocking, where the past
lets go of and becomes the future;
the place of caught breath…
― Margaret Atwood, Eating Fire: Selected Poetry 1965-1995

The word solstice comes from the Latin from sol meaning sun, and stare, or sistere, meaning to stand or stop.

Yin & Yang

The solstice is an astronomical occasion, but also has historical, mythological, and cultural significance.

From Chinese legend today is a celebration of yin, earth, and femininity. Today is winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. Winter solstice corresponds to a winter celebration of yang.

Happiness & Daylight

Psychologists have found a correlation between daylight and a measure of happiness.

We identified individual-level diurnal and seasonal mood rhythms in cultures across the globe, using data from millions of public Twitter messages. We found that individuals awaken in a good mood that deteriorates as the day progresses—which is consistent with the effects of sleep and circadian rhythm—and that seasonal change in baseline positive affect varies with change in daylength.
― Golder & Macy, Science

Summer solstice in an opportunity to experience the fullness of the day.

“We all shine on...like the moon and the stars and the sun.”
― John Lennon

REFERENCES

• Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary With Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures, Golder SA, & Macy MW, Science, 30 September 2011: Vol. 333 no. 6051 pp. 1878-1881.
• The Solstice Blues, by Akiko Busch, New York Times, 20 June 2014.
• Why we celebrate the summer solstice, by Maria Konnikova, Scientific American, 21 June 2013.